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A Guide to Appropriate Footwear Acute Leukaemia Adult Hydrocephalus Advance Care Planning in Dementia Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Airway Clearance Allergic Rhinitis Amblyopia Ambulatory Continuous Peripheral Nerve Block Amputee Rehabilitation Amputee Support Group Amputee Support Group (ASG) Befriending Service Amputees: A Guide for Below Knee Amputees Anaesthesia (General) Anaesthesia (Regional) Anaphylaxis Ankylosing Spondylitis Annual Foot and Eye Screening Advice Anterior Chamber Paracentesis (AC Tap) Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Tear and Treatment Anterior Uveitis (Iritis) Anxiety Are You Exercising at the Right Intensity? Arterio-Venous Fistula Creation Post-Surgery Instructions Assisted Joint Range of Motion and Stretching Exercises Assisting Your Loved Ones in Functional Mobility : A Guide for Caregivers Asthma Asthma Action Plan Asthma Action Plan Single Inhaler Maintenance and Reliever Therapy (SMART) Audiology Services and Hearing Devices Back Flexibility Exercises Back Pain: Understanding Low Back Pain Back Strengthening Exercises Behcet's Disease Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Bipolar Blepharitis BORG Dypsnea Scale Bowel Incontinence BPPV: Instructions for Vestibular Rehabilitation Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) Brain Aneurysm Brain Injury: Improving Poor Attention and Memory Following a Brain Injury Brain Injury: Managing Tiredness - Fighting Fatigue Following a Brain Injury Brain Injury: Physical Activity Following a Brain Injury Brain Injury: Sleep Disorders Following a Brain Injury Brain Tumours Brain Tumours - Acoustic Neuroma Brain Tumours - Meningioma Breast Clinic: Caring for Your Blake Drainage Breast Imaging Breast Self Examination Breast Surgery: Caring for Your Redivac Drain at Home Breast Surgery: Exercises After Breast Surgery Breast Wound Care (Post-Surgery) Breathlessness Breathlessness: How to Manage Bronchiectasis Bullous Pemphigoid Calluses: Treatment of Calluses and Corns Cancer: Your Guide to Cancer Care Cancer: Your Guide to Radiotherapy Candida auris (C. auris) Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) Cardiac Electrophysiology Study (EPS) with or without Radiofrequency Ablation Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs) on Home Monitoring Cardiac Rehabilitation Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) Device Cardiology: 24-hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Cardiology: 24-hour Ambulatory ECG Monitoring Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) Care After Stroke Care of a PerCutaneous Nephrostomy (PCN) Tube Caregiver's Guide - Avoid Burnout Caregiver's Guide - Learning Guidebook Caregivers Matters Basics 1: Am I a Caregiver? Caregivers Matters Basics 2: Knowledge and Skills Caregivers Matters Basics 3: Coping Strategies Carer Matters Carer Matters: Know the Healthcare Team CarerX365 Carotid Endarterectomy Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) and Its Treatment Options Cast: Care and Caution After Serial Casting Cast: How to Care for My Lower Limb Cast Cast: How to Care for My Upper Limb Cast Cataract Surgery Cataract Surgery: Femtosecond Laser Assisted Cataract Surgery (FLACS) Cataract Surgery: Intraocular Lenses And Refractive Options Chair Yoga Instructions Chemotherapy Orientation and Patient Education (COPE) Chemotherapy: Your Guide to Chemotherapy Chest Pain in Heart Attack Patients Chest Physiotherapy Sheet CHIME: Covid-19 Humanistic Care in Isolation for the Medically Ill and End-of-Life Cholesterol Management Infographic Chronic Conditions: An Introduction Chronic Kidney Condition (CKD): Peritoneal Dialysis Training Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Dialysis Counselling Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Living with Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic Lung Disease: Exercise Training Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease: Recognising Exacerbations Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Chronic Subdural Haemorrhage Chronic Urticaria Chronic Venous Insufficiency Circumcision Post-Surgery Instructions Clean Intermittent Catheterisation (CIC) for Female Clean Intermittent Catheterisation (CIC) for Male Cognitive Health Collection of Nasal Mid-Turbinate (NMT) Swab Collection of Oropharyngeal (OP), Nasal Mid-Turbinate (NMT), or Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs Colon Cancer Support Group Colonoscopy Colonoscopy: Preparations For Patients Prescribed with 2L or 3L PEG (2PM to 5PM) Colonoscopy: Preparations For Patients Prescribed with 2L or 3L PEG (8AM to 2PM) Colonoscopy: Preparations For Patients Prescribed with PICOPREP (2PM to 5PM) Colonoscopy: Preparations For Patients Prescribed with PICOPREP (8AM to 2PM) Colorectal Cancer Colorectal Surgery: Patient Guidebook for Enhanced Recovery After Colorectal Surgery Comfort Care Room Communication: Information Booklet for Caregivers of Patients with Communication Difficulties Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Community Resources for Caregivers (Carer Matters) - Community Resources Community Resources for Caregivers (Carer Matters) - Education and Training Community Resources for Caregivers (Carer Matters) - Legal Community Resources for Caregivers (Carer Matters) - Services that Provide Physical Care for Your Care Recipients Completely Customised Cranial Cap (C4): Care and Wearing Instructions Completely Customised Cranial Cap (C4): Overview Constipation Constipation: What to Do if You are Experiencing Constipation Consultation-Liaison Interventions for the Mind and Brain (CLIMB) Contact Lenses Coping with Upper Limb Injuries Cornea Transplant Corneal Transplant Surgery: Post-Surgery Instructions Coronary Angiography and Left Ventriculography Coronary Angioplasty & Stenting Coronary Angioplasty & Stenting: Discharge Advice Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Cough COVID-19 COVID-19 Resources For Migrant Workers COVID-19 Resources: Cabin Fever COVID-19 Resources: Covid-19 Humanistic Care in Isolation for the Medically Ill and End-of-Life (CHIME) COVID-19 Resources: Maintaining Psychological Well-being During a Crisis COVID-19 Resources: Maintaining Your Well-being COVID-19 Resources: Nutrition for Covid-19 Patients COVID-19 Resources: Sleep Management in Older Adults COVID-19 Resources: Spark Joy at Home COVID-19 Vaccine CTAR Exercise (Chinese) Cystoscopy Cystoscopy or Ureterorenoscopy: Post-surgery Instructions Cystoscopy: Flexible Cystoscopy Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) For Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction Dance Injury and Screening Day Rehabilitation Centres Deep Vein Thrombosis Delirium Delirium: GMU Bright Light Therapy Dementia Dementia: A Note to Caregivers Dementia: Activity Engagement for Persons with Dementia (PWD) Dementia: Caring for Persons with Dementia Dementia: Feeding in Advanced Dementia Dementia: Impact on Swallowing and Communication Dementia: Oral Care Dementia: Sensory Stimulation for Persons with Dementia Dementia: Seven Quick Tips in Caring for Persons with Dementia (PWD) During COVID-19 Situation Dementia: Strategies for Feeding Your Loved Ones with Dementia Dementia: Sundowning in Dementia Dengue Fever Dengue Fever: What You Need To Know (Inpatient) Dengue Fever: What You Need To Know (Outpatient) Dental Advice for Patients After Head and Neck Radiation Therapy Dental Advice for Patients Before Head and Neck Radiation Therapy Dental Advice for Patients on Antiresorptive Medications Dental Care for the Elderly Dental Surgery - Post-surgery Discharge Instructions Depression DeQuervain’s Tenosynovitis Dermatology - Double Pyjamas Therapy Diabetes and Foot Care Diabetes Management: Caring for Your Foot Diabetes Management: Daily Foot Care and Wound Care for Patients With Diabetes Diabetes Management: Management of High Blood Glucose (Hyperglycemia) Diabetes Management: Management of Low Blood Glucose (Hypoglycemia) Diabetes Management: Mixing Vial Insulin Injection Diabetes Management: Pen Insulin Injection Diabetes Management: Self Monitoring Blood Glucose Using Accu Check Performa Glucometer Diabetes Management: Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Using Freestyle Optium Neo Glucometer Diabetes Management: Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Using Performa Glucometer Diabetes Management: Single Vial Insulin Injection Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes: Insulin (Frequently Asked Questions) Diabetic Retinopathy Dialysis: Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) Step-By-Step Guide Dialysis: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD) Step-By-Step Guide Dialysis: Early Preparation for Dialysis Diarrhoea: Chronic Diarrhoea Diet & Exercise Advice for Lifestyle Change (DEAL) – Preventing and Managing Diabetes Mellitus Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography (DSE) Drain Care: Going Home with a Drain After Head and Neck Surgery Driving and Cognitive Health (Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia) Driving: Visual Requirements for Driving Drug Delivery Pump: Changing Pump Batteries Drug Delivery via Ambulatory Pump Dry Eye Syndrome Dysphagia Ear Surgery Post-Operative Care Easy to Chew Diet Easy to Follow Guide on Effective Callus Filing Elastomeric Pump: Care of Elastomeric Pump Energy Conservation Strategies for Daily Activities Entropion Episcleritis and Scleritis Excision Biopsy of Lumps - Post-Surgery Instructions Exercise - Aerobics Exercise Exercise Health Guidebook (SPC 2020: Kampung Care Package) Exercise Manual for People with Parkinson’s Exercise Stress Echocardiography (ESE) Exercise Stress Electrocardiography Exercise Stress Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Test Exercise Training in Chronic Lung Disease Exercise: Adverse Signs and Symptoms During Exercise Exercise: All About Exercise Exercise: Ankle and Foot Exercise: Bed Exercises While Hospitalised Exercise: Benefits of Exercise Exercise: Beyond a Stronger You Exercise: Fight Diabetes Through Exercise Exercise: Get Active! Exercise: Home Exercise Workout (Lower Limb Strengthening and Balance Training) Exercise: Home Exercise Workout (Upper and Lower Limb Strengthening and Balance Training) Exercise: Importance of Exercise Exercise: Indoor Workout for Active Adults Exercise: Indoor Workout for Homebound Adults Exercise: Indoor Workout for Young Adults Exercise: Strength Training Exercise: Stretching and Strengthening Exercise: Wrist Exercises Exercises: Seated Exercises External Fixator: Care of Your External Fixator Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) Eye - Visual Field Test Eye Muscle (Strabismus or Squint) Surgery Eye Muscle Surgery: Post-Surgery Instructions Eyelid Surgery Faecal Incontinence: What To Do If You Are Experiencing Faecal Incontinence Fall Prevention Fall Prevention Guide - A Guide for Patients and Caregivers Falls: 7 Tips to Prevent Falls and Injuries Falls: Body Chart Poster Falls: Exercise Centres in Singapore Falls: Fall Facts in Elderly Falls: Foot Care Falls: How Your Health Problems Reflect Your Risk of Falls Falls: Medications and Falls Falls: Myths vs Facts Falls: Practise Safety Everywhere and Anytime Falls: Prevent Falls by Taking Good Care of Yourself! Falls: Supplements and Falls Falls: The Cycle of Falls Falls: Understanding Your Medications Can Reduce Falls Falls: Vision = Falls? Falls: What to Do if You Fall Fasting During Ramadan Feet: 8 Steps to Healthy and Happy Feet First Aid on the Go Floaters, Flashes and Retinal Detachment Foot Orthoses Footwear (Falls) Footwear: A Guide to Selecting Shoes for Modification Frailty in Older Adults: What You Need to Know Frailty: A Stronger You Formula Frailty: A Stronger You Formula (Pre-Frail) Frailty: Nutrition Management Frailty: Stats and Consequences of Frailty Functional Activities Functional Capacity Evaluation (FCE) Functional Training to Better Carry Out Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) for Individuals with Shortness of Breath Games for Daily Engagement - Resource Booklet GASTROClear Test Gastroenteritis Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Poster Gastroscopy Gastrostomy Tube (PEG) Care Glaucoma Glaucoma Surgery Glossectomy Gout Management Haematuria Haemorrhoids/Piles Hand Hygiene Hand Hygiene: Clean Hands Start with You and Me Head and Neck Surgery: Patient Guidebook for Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Head Injury Head Injury (Minor) - Discharge Advice Headaches Hearing Aid (Custom): Guide for Proper Care & Maintenance of Custom Hearing Aids Hearing Aid (Rechargable): Guide for Proper Care & Maintenance of Behind-The-Ear (BTE) Rechargeable Hearing Aids Hearing Aids: Guide for Proper Care & Maintenance of Behind-The-Ear (BTE) Hearing Aids Hearing Aids: Guide for Proper Care & Maintenance of Receiver-In-Canal (RIC) Hearing Aids Hearing Aids: Guide for Proper Care & Maintenance of Receiver-In-Canal (RIC) Rechargeable Hearing Aids Hearing Loss Hearing: 7 Consequences of Hearing Loss Hearing: Caring for Our Ears Hearing: Communication Strategies for Better Hearing Hearing: Community Audiology at AMKSC Hearing: Degree of Hearing Loss Hearing: Our Ears and Types of Hearing Loss Hearing: Types of Hearing Aids Hearing: Who is An Audioloigst? Heart Attack - Advice For Heart Attack Patients Heart Failure Self-Care Management Heart Failure: Living with Heart Failure Hemifacial Spasm Hemorrhoidectomy or Fistulotomy: Post-Surgery Discharge Instructions Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP) Hepatitis Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis C Elimination Programme: Educate, Test, Treat! Hepatitis C Treatment Hernia Surgery Post-Surgery Instructions Hip and Knee Flexibility Exercises Hip and Knee Functional Exercises Hip and Knee Strengthening Exercises Hip Fracture: Your Guide to Recovery Hip Surgery: Post-Operation Hip Precautions Lateral Approach Hip Surgery: Post-Operation Hip Precautions Posterior Approach Home Blood Pressure Monitoring Home Pump: Care for Home Pump Home Safety Advice Home Sleep Test Home Suctioning Home Ventilator Use During Hospital Stay How to Save Energy While Performing Daily Activities Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) HVRSS: Changing of Tracheostomy Tube HVRSS: Chest Physiotherapy – Postural Drainage HVRSS: Clinical Signs for Respiratory Insufficiency HVRSS: Cough Assist/ MIE (Mechanical Insufflation-Exsufflation) HVRSS: Home Emergencies: Tracheostomy Tube Blockage HVRSS: Home Emergencies: Tracheostomy Tube Dislodgement HVRSS: Home Emergencies: Ventilator Failure HVRSS: Manual Assisted Cough and Breath Stacking HVRSS: Rescue Breathing (Ambu Bagging) HVRSS: Tracheostomy Suction at Home HVRSS: Tracheostomy Tube Care at Home: Dressing and Securing Tube HVRSS: Tracheostomy Tube Care at Home: Nebulizer and Inhaler Puff HVRSS: Tracheostomy Tube Care at Home: Oxygen and Humidifier Hydration and Nutrition At the End of Life Hyperglycemia Management Quick Guide Hyperlipidaemia: Dietary Management of Hyperlipidaemia Hypertension Infographic Hyperthyroidism Hypoglycemia Management Quick Guide Hypothyroidism ICU Care for Covid-19 Patients Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) Incentive Spirometer - How to Use an Incentive Spirometer Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis Inferior Turbinate Reduction Surgery Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Inflammatory Myopathy Influenza Influenza and Pneumococcal Disease Vaccination Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccinations for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Inhaler: How to Use Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) Inhaler: How to Use Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) with Spacer Inhaler: Patient Education Videos on Inhaler Techniques Inhalers in Obstructive Airway Diseases Instructions for Care of Urinary Catheter Intermediate Uveitis Intravenous (IV) Cannula Intravitreal Injection Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Jaundice Joint Hypermobility Syndrome Joint Protection Keep It Fit At Home!: A Home Exercise Programme After Discharge Knee Arthroscopy: Post-Operative Discharge Instructions Knee Replacement Post-Discharge Self Care at Home Knee Replacement Surgery Knee Replacement Surgery: Care Planning and Self-Preparation Know About Medication Label Know About Storage and Expiry Know How to Create a Medication List Know How to Pack A Pill Box Know How to Remember to Take Your Meds Know If You Have Enough Medication Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Post-Surgery Instructions Laryngeal Cancer Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Laser Treatment For Diabetic Eye Disease Laser Vision Correction Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) Learning About Stroke Liver Cancer Liver Cirrhosis Liver Cirrhosis and Advanced Care Planning (ACP) Liver Function Test (LFT) Low Back Pain Lung Nodule Lymphoedema Lymphoma Medications Mental Hygiene: Maintaining a Healthy Mind Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Microvascular Cranial Nerve Palsy Mobility: DIY Mobility Checklist Motor Neuron Disease Move Strong, Be Balanced Multiple Myeloma Muscle Ache Myasthenia Gravis Myelodysplastic Syndrome Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Test Myringoplasty or Tympanoplasty or Mastoidectomy Post-Surgery Advice Nail Filing: The Suggested Way to Take Care of Your Toenails Nail: Wedge Resection of Nail Narrow Angles (Primary Angle Closure Suspects) Nasogastric Tube Feeding (NGT) Nasopharyngeal Cancer Nauseas and Vomiting Nd-YAG (Neodymium Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet) Laser Capsulotomy Neck Flexibility Exercises Neck Pain: Cervical Radicular Pain (Brachialgia) Neck Pain: Chronic Neck Pain (Cervical Facet Joint Pain) Neck Strengthening Exercises Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION) Nutrition (Diabetes Management): Alcohol and Diabetes Mellitus Nutrition: Balancing Fat Intake Nutrition: Bone Health Nutrition: Calcium in Your Diet Nutrition: Cancer Prevention and Plant-based Diet (PBD) Nutrition: Dialysis Diet Nutrition: Dietary Approaches to Reduce Stroke Risk Nutrition: Dietary Management for Constipation in Older Adults Nutrition: Dietary Management of Gout Nutrition: Dietary Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Nutrition: Drink Adequate Fluids Nutrition: Eat Well On A Budget Nutrition: Eating Well Before Surgery Nutrition: Eating Well with Chronic Lung Disease Nutrition: Fasting Safely For Ramadan Nutrition: Food Safety and You Nutrition: Food Storage and Safety Nutrition: Glycaemic Index Nutrition: Gut Health Nutrition: Healthier Cooking Methods Nutrition: Healthy Eating and Cancer Nutrition: Healthy Eating Guidelines Nutrition: Healthy Eating Tips for Managing Cholesterol (Hyperlipidaemia) Nutrition: Healthy Eating Tips for Managing Diabetes Nutrition: Healthy Eating Tips for Weight Loss Nutrition: High Energy or High Protein Diet Nutrition: How to Improve Your Nutrition and Hydration Nutrition: Increase Fruits and Vegetable Intake Nutrition: Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Nutrition: Iron Nutrition: Kidney Disease Management Nutrition: Liquidised Diet Nutrition: Low Fibre/Residue Diet Nutrition: Low FODMAPs Diet Nutrition: Maintain A Healthy Weight Nutrition: Malnutrition Nutrition: Malnutrition - Ways to Improve Your Nutrition Intake Nutrition: Managing Constipation Nutrition: Managing Diarrhoea Nutrition: Managing Nausea and Vomiting Nutrition: Managing Pre-Diabetes Nutrition: Minced and Moist Diet Nutrition: Mindful Eating Nutrition: Nourishing Drinks Nutrition: Nutrition During Cancer Treatment Nutrition: Nutrition Support for Dementia Care Nutrition: Optimising Nutrition for Cancer Care Nutrition: Planning for Pregnancy When You Have Diabetes Nutrition: Pre-Dialysis Diet Nutrition: Prioritise Your Food Nutrition: Pureed Diet Nutrition: Reducing Sodium Intake When Eating Out Nutrition: Restricting Fluid Intake Nutrition: Small Appetite and Unintentional Weight Loss Nutrition: Soft and Bite-sized Diet Nutrition: Texture-modified Diet (TMD) Nutrition: Tips for Eating During Festive Seasons Nutrition: Vegetarian Diet Nutrition: Ways to Promote Oral Intake Nutrition: Weight Management Nutritional Health Guidebook (SPC 2020: Kampung Care Package) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Occupational Therapy - Safe Lifting Occupational Therapy in Pain Management Office Ergonomics Optic Neuritis Oral Health Oral Health: Dental Care and Mental Health Oral Health: Gum Disease Oral Health: Orthodontics Oral Health: Treatment Options to Replace Missing Teeth Oral Tongue Cancer Orbital Surgery Oropharyngeal Cancer Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis (Poster) Osteoporosis: Self-Assessment Tool for Asians (OSTA) Osteoporotic Spine Fracture Outer Ear Infection (Otitis Externa) Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy (OPAT) Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy (OPAT): Continuous Elastomeric Infusion Pump Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy (OPAT): Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) Overweight and Obesity: Myth Buster Overweight and Obesity: Overview Oxygen Therapy Paediatric Anaesthesia: A Guide for Parents Pain: Managing Pain Pancreas Surgery: Patient Guidebook for Enhanced Recovery After Pancreas Surgery Panic Disorder Parkinson's Disease Parkinson's Disease: Impact on Swallowing and Communication Parotidectomy Patellar Dislocation Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (Runner’s Knee) Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Perineal Care for Bed Bound Female Perineal Care for Bed Bound Female Without Catheter Perineal Care for Bed Bound Male Peripheral Nerve Surgery: Post-Operative Care Permanent Pacemaker (PPM) Personal Mobility Aid Personalised Medicine: Pharmacogene Testing Phase 1: Cardiac Rehabilitation Physiotherapy After Surgery Physiotherapy Before Surgery Plagiocephaly Plantar Fasciitis Pleural Effusion Pneumonia Pneumothorax Post Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices (CIED) Insertion Self Care Advice Post Stroke Rehabilitation Postural Hypotension Pre-Admission Counselling and Evaluation (PACE) Clinic Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Pressure Injury: How to Prevent Pressure Injury? Pressure Relief Cushion: Maintenance of Pressure Relief Cushion Pre-Surgery Preparation: Home Environment Primary Progressive Aphasia Prostate Cancer Prostate Cancer Support Group Prostate Cancer: A Patient’s Journey Prostate Gland Biopsy: Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS) & Transperineal (TP) Biopsy Prostate Surgery: Post-Transurethral Resection or Vaporisation of the Prostate Surgery Prostate Surgery: Robotic Prostatectomy – A Treatment for Prostate Cancer Prosthetics and Orthotics Psoriatic Arthritis Psychological Stress: Managing Psychological Stress in Heart Failure Patients Psychological Therapy: An Overview Psychological Wellness Programme Pterygium Surgery Ptosis Pulmonary Rehabilitation Refractive Errors In Children Rehabilitation After Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction Rehabilitation After Shoulder Surgery: Rotator Cuff Repairs or Slap & Bankart Repairs Retinal Detachment Surgery Retinal Vein Occlusion Rhabdomyolysis Rheumatoid Arthritis Rhinosinusitis Rib Fractures Sacroiliac Joint Pain and Piriformis Syndrome Safe Medication Consumption During Your Hospital Stay Scar Massage Scooter: Maintenance of Powered Scooter Screenings and Vaccinations in Singapore Seizures and Epilepsy Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT for Glaucoma) Self-injection of White Blood Cell Booster Septoplasty Serving Morphine Syrup Severe Asthma Short Stay Thyroidectomy: Patient Information Booklet Shoulder Strengthening Exercises Shoulder Stretching Exercises Shower Tips for Caregivers Sinus Surgery: Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) Sinus Surgery: Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) Post-Surgery Advice Sjögren’s Syndrome Sleep Management in Older Adults Sleep: Poor Sleeping Smoking Cessation - I Quit For Life Booklet Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Programme Spine and Spinal Disorders Spine Surgery: Post-Surgery Instructions Spine Surgery: What You Should do After Surgery Splenectomy Vaccinations Staying Well Health Guidebook (SPC 2020: Kampung Care Package) Steroid Therapy Stomach Cancer Strabismus or Squint Strabismus or Squint Surgery Stretching and Strengthening Exercises for Lower Limbs Stroke Emergency Stroke Log Book Stroke Rehabilitation Programme Stroke: Positioning of a Stroke Patient - Left Hemiplegia Stroke: Positioning of a Stroke Patient - Right Hemiplegia Stroke: Strokehub - A Resource Guide for Stroke Survivors and their Caregivers Stump Shrinker Guide for Patients and Caregivers Suicide Help: Crisis Management Resource Support Groups and Programmes (CART @ Annex 2) Swallowing Evaluation: Fibreoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) Swallowing: Caregivers' Guide to Swallowing Disorders Swallowing: Modified Consistencies for Swallowing Problems Swallowing: Swallowing & Communication in Motor Neuron Disease Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Systemic Sclerosis Tearing Disorders Tennis Elbow Tennis Elbow and Golfer's Elbow Rehabilitation The W.I.N.D. 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Venous Leg Ulcer (VLU)

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What is the Normal Function of Venous System?

The normal function of venous system is dependent on the patency of the veins (the degree which the veins are not blocked or obstructed), condition of the one-way valves, and the muscle pumps in the foot and calf (Eberhardt & Raffetto, 2014).

What is Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)?

  • Valves in healthy veins move the blood in one direction and keep the blood pressure in the veins normal to prevent the blood from flowing backwards.
  • In CVI, the diseased valves causes blood to move in both directions, increasing the blood pressure in the veins when walking.

Venous Leg Ulcer 1.png

Blood Flow in a Normal and Diseased Vein

Image taken from https://www.medtronic.com/content/dam/medtronic-com/products/cardiovascular/superficial-vein/general/disease-state/normal-vs-diseased-vein.jpg

What is Venous Leg Ulcer (VLU)?

VLU is generally present in individuals with CVI. It is a shallow open wound on the surface of your skin that is usually wet and weepy with heavy discharge. It can occur between your knee and ankle and takes a long time to heal.

VLU can be caused by skin infection, penetrating injury, rapid onset of leg swelling, burns, dry skin with itching/scratching, and insect bites (Kelechi et al., 2015).

Venous Leg Ulcer 2.png

Example of Venous Leg Ulcers (VLU)

(Left) Image retrieved from https://www.evidentlycochrane.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/venous-leg-ulcers-e1508833041133.jpg; (Right) Image retrieved from https://www.eo2.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/foot-ulcer1.jpg

What are the Risk Factors of VLU?

  1. Smoking
  2. Obesity
  3. Previous leg injuries
  4. Varicose (swollen) veins
  5. Prolonged standing
  6. Poor blood circulation that results in blood clots and swollen veins

How to Prevent VLU?

  1. Quit smoking
  2. Lose weight if you are overweight
  3. Follow your doctor’s advice to manage chronic diseases, such as high blood pressure and diabetes
  4. Maintain a balanced diet
  5. Exercise regularly
  6. Replace support stockings every 3 to 6 monthly
  7. Leg elevation above level of the heart when lying down
  8. Skin care

What are the Treatments for VLU?

  1. Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) test will be done to check the blood flow in your legs and guides treatment options.
  2. Appropriate wound care using a compression bandage

How Do I Care for My VLU After Recovery?

Your goal is to minimise the risk of developing VLU again. Continue to wear medical compression stockings prescribed by your healthcare professional.

2021/11/09

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2024/04/12
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